Tushen: Kiwon Dabbobin Waje, Alade da Kaji, No.01,2019

Abstract: Wannan takarda ta gabatar da aikace-aikacenmaganin rigakafi a cikin samar da kaza, da kuma tasirinsa akan aikin samar da kaza, aikin rigakafi, flora na hanji, ingancin kayan kiwon kaji, ragowar miyagun ƙwayoyi da juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma nazarin yanayin aikace-aikacen da kuma jagorancin ci gaban gaba na maganin rigakafi a cikin masana'antar kaza.

Mahimman kalmomi: maganin rigakafi; kaza; aikin samarwa; aikin rigakafi; ragowar miyagun ƙwayoyi; juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi

Rarraba Hoto na Tsakiya Lamba.: S831 Lambar tambarin Takardu: C Mataki na ashirin da: 1001-0769 (2019) 01-0056-03

Magungunan rigakafi ko magungunan kashe qwari na iya hanawa da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta a wasu ƙididdiga.Moore et al ya ruwaito a karon farko cewa ƙarin maganin rigakafi a cikin abinci ya inganta yawan nauyin yau da kullum [1] a cikin broilers. Bayan haka, rahotanni masu kama da hankali sun karu. a shekarun 1990, an fara binciken magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta a masana'antar kaji a kasar Sin. Yanzu, an yi amfani da maganin rigakafi fiye da 20 da yawa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta samar da kaji da rigakafi da magance cututtuka. An gabatar da ci gaban bincike na tasirin maganin rigakafi ga kaji kamar haka.

1; Tasirin maganin rigakafi akan aikin samar da kaza

Za a iya amfani da Yellow, dynamycin, bacidin zinc, amamycin, da sauransu, don haɓaka girma, tsarin shine: hanawa ko kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji kaji, hana yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa na hanji, rage abubuwan da ke faruwa; sanya bangon hanji na dabba ya zama bakin ciki, haɓaka haɓakar mucosa na hanji, haɓaka haɓakar abubuwan gina jiki; hana ci gaban ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji da aiki, rage yawan amfani da sinadirai masu gina jiki da makamashi, da ƙara yawan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin kaji; hana ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa na hanji suna haifar da metabolites masu cutarwa [2].Anshengying et al sun kara maganin rigakafi don ciyar da kajin kwai, wanda ya ƙara nauyin jikinsu da 6.24% a ƙarshen lokacin gwaji, kuma ya rage yawan zawo da [3].Wan Jianmei. et al ya kara nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Virginamycin da enricamycin a cikin abincin yau da kullun na AA broilers na kwana 1, wanda ya haɓaka matsakaicin riba na yau da kullun na 11 zuwa 20 kwanakin broilers da matsakaicin abincin yau da kullun na 22 zuwa 41 kwanakin broilers; ƙara flavamycin (5 mg/kg/kg) ya ƙaru da matsakaitan nauyin yau da kullun na 22 zuwa 41 tsofaffin broilers.Ni Jiang et al. ƙara 4 mg / kg lincomycin da 50 mg / kg zinc; da 20 MG / kg colistin don 26 d, wanda ya haɓaka yawan nauyin yau da kullun [5].Wang Manhong et al. ƙara enlamycin, bacracin zinc da naceptide don 42, d bi da bi a cikin abincin kajin AA na kwana 1, wanda ke da tasirin haɓaka haɓaka, tare da matsakaicin haɓakar nauyi na yau da kullun da ci abinci ya karu, kuma rabon nama ya ragu da [6].

2; Sakamakon maganin rigakafi akan aikin rigakafi a cikin kaji

Ayyukan rigakafi na dabbobi da kaji suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta juriya na cututtuka da rage faruwar cututtuka.Bincike ya nuna cewa yin amfani da maganin rigakafi na dogon lokaci zai hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin rigakafi na kaji, rage aikin rigakafi da sauƙi don kamuwa da cuta. Cututtuka.Tsarin rigakafin rigakafi shine: kai tsaye yana kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji ko hana haɓakarsu, rage haɓakar epithelium na hanji da nama na hanji, don haka rage yanayin kunna tsarin garkuwar jiki; tsoma baki tare da kira na immunoglobulin; rage phagocytosis cell; da rage ayyukan mitotic na lymphocytes na jiki [7].Jin Jiushan et al. an kara 0.06%, 0.010% da 0.15% na chloramphenicol na tsawon kwanaki 2 zuwa 60 na broilers, wanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan cutar tabar kaji da zazzabin typhoid na Avian, amma yana hanawa da rauni [8] a cikin gabobin jiki, kasusuwa da hemocytopoiesis.Zhang Rijun et al ciyar da broilers mai kwana 1 abinci mai ɗauke da 150 MG / kg goldomycin, kuma nauyin thymus, spleen da bursa ya ragu sosai [9] a cikin kwanaki 42. Guo Xinhua et al. ƙara 150 MG / kg na gilomycin a cikin abinci na 1-day-old AA maza, muhimmanci inhibiting ci gaban gabobin kamar bursa, humoral rigakafi da martani, da kuma hira kudi na T lymphocytes da B lymphocytes.Ni Jiang et al. ciyar da 4 MG / kg lincomycin hydrochloride, 50 MG da 20 mg / kg broilers bi da bi, da bursac index da thymus index da splin index ba su canza sosai. Sirrin IgA a kowane sashe na rukunoni uku ya ragu sosai, kuma adadin sinadarin IgM a cikin rukunin zinc na bactereracin ya ragu sosai [5].Duk da haka, Jia Yugang et al. an ƙara 50 mg / kg na gilomycin zuwa abinci na kwana 1 na maza don ƙara yawan adadin immunoglobulin IgG da IgM a cikin kajin Tibet, yana haɓaka sakin cytokine IL-2, IL-4 da INF-in serum, don haka haɓaka ƙwayar cuta. aikin rigakafi [11], sabanin sauran karatu.

3; Tasirin maganin rigakafi akan flora na hanji kaza

Akwai daban-daban microorganisms a cikin narkewa kamar fili na al'ada kaji, wanda kula da wani tsauri ma'auni ta hanyar hulda, wanda shi ne conducive ga girma da kuma ci gaban kaji.Bayan da yawa amfani da maganin rigakafi, mutuwa da kuma rage m kwayoyin cuta a cikin narkewa kamar fili damuwa. tsarin hana juna tsakanin flora na bakteriya, yana haifar da sabbin cututtuka.A matsayin wani abu da zai iya hana ƙwayoyin cuta yadda ya kamata, magungunan kashe qwari na iya hanawa da kashe duk wasu ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kaji, wanda zai iya haifar da cututtuka na narkewa da kuma haifar da cututtuka na tsarin narkewa.Tong Jianming et al. ƙara 100 mg / kg gilomycin zuwa ainihin abincin 1-rana tsohuwar AA kaza, adadin Lactobacillus da bifidobacterium a cikin dubura a cikin kwanaki 7 ya kasance ƙasa da ƙungiyar kulawa, babu wani babban bambanci tsakanin adadin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu. bayan kwanaki 14; Adadin Escherichia coli ya kasance ƙasa da ƙungiyar kulawa a 7,14,21 da 28 kwanaki, kuma [12] tare da ƙungiyar kulawa daga baya. Gwajin Zhou Yanmin et al ya nuna cewa maganin rigakafi ya hana jejunum, E. coli sosai. da Salmonella, kuma yana hana yaduwar Lactobacillus [13].Ma Yulong et al. ciyar da abincin waken soya na masara mai kwana 1 wanda aka ƙara da 50 MG / kg aureomycin zuwa kajin AA don 42 d, yana rage adadin Clostridium enterica da E. coli, amma ba a samar da wani mahimmanci ba [14] akan jimlar ƙwayoyin cuta na aerobic, jimlar kwayoyin anaerobic. da Lactobacillus lambobi.Wu opan et al sun kara 20 mg / kg Virginiamycin zuwa abincin kaza na AA na kwana 1, wanda ya rage polymorphism na flora na hanji, wanda ya rage kwanakin 14 na gida da kuma cecal, kuma ya nuna babban bambanci. a cikin kwatankwacin taswirar kwayan cuta [15] .Xie et al ya kara cephalosporin zuwa abinci na kajin gashin fuka-fuka na 1-day-day kuma ya gano cewa tasirin sa na hanawa akan L. lactis a cikin ƙananan hanji, amma zai iya rage yawan adadin L. 16] a dubura.Lei Xinjian ya kara 200 mg / kg;;;;;;;;; Bactereracin zinc da 30 mg / kg Virginiamycin bi da bi, wanda ya rage yawan cechia coli da Lactobacillus a cikin broilers mai shekaru 42.Yin Luyao et al ya kara 0.1 g / kg na bacracin zinc premix na 70 d, wanda ya rage yawan adadin kuzari. Bakteriya masu cutarwa a cikin cecum, amma yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta na cecum suma sun ragu [18].Haka kuma akwai wasu rahotanni da suka saba da cewa ƙara 20 mg / kg sulfate antienemy element na iya ƙara yawan bifidobacterium [19] a cikin cecal. abun ciki na broilers mai kwanaki 21.

4; Tasirin maganin rigakafi akan ingancin kayan kiwon kaji

Kaji da kwai ingancin suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, kuma tasirin maganin rigakafi akan ingancin kayan kiwon kaji bai dace ba.A cikin kwanaki 60, ƙara 5 mg / kg don 60 d na iya ƙara yawan asarar ruwa na tsoka kuma rage ƙimar. na dafaffen nama, da kuma ƙara abun ciki na unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids da kuma muhimman fatty acids da suka shafi sabo da zaƙi, yana nuna cewa maganin rigakafi yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri a kan kaddarorin jiki na ingancin nama kuma yana iya inganta dandano [20] na kaza zuwa wani matsayi.Wan Jianmei et al ya kara da virinamycin da enlamycin a cikin abincin kaza na AA na kwana 1, wanda ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikin yanka ko ingancin tsoka, kuma flavamycin ya rage asarar drip [4] a cikin kirjin kaza. tsoka.Daga 0.03% gilomycin zuwa kwanaki 56, yawan kisa ya karu da 0.28%, 2.72%, 8.76%, ƙirjin ƙirjin ƙirjin ta 8.76%, da kitse na ciki da 19.82% [21].A cikin kwanaki 40 na abinci ya karu tare da 50 MG / kg na gilomycin na 70 d, ƙimar tsokar pectoral ya karu da 19.00%, kuma ƙarfin ƙarfi da asarar ɗigon ruwa ya ragu sosai [22].Yang Minxin ya ciyar da 45 mg / kg na gilomycin zuwa kwana 1 -old asali rage cin abinci na AA broilers muhimmanci rage asarar kirji tsoka matsa lamba da kuma karuwa sosai [23] tare da T-SOD vitality da T-AOC matakan a cikin kafa tsoka.The binciken na Zou Qiang et al a kan lokaci guda ciyar a daban-daban kiwo. hanyoyin sun nuna cewa an inganta darajar gano masticatory na anti-cage gushi nono kaji sosai; amma taushi da ɗanɗanon sun kasance mafi kyau kuma ƙimar kima na azanci ya inganta sosai [24].Liu Wenlong et al. an gano cewa jimillar abubuwan dandano masu canzawa, aldehydes, alcohols da ketones sun fi kajin da ba su da kyauta fiye da kajin gida. Kiwo ba tare da ƙara maganin rigakafi ba zai iya inganta dandano na [25] a cikin qwai fiye da maganin rigakafi.

5; Tasirin maganin rigakafi akan ragowar kayan kiwon kaji

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wasu masana'antu suna bin sha'awar gefe ɗaya, kuma cin zarafi na maganin rigakafi yana haifar da karuwar tarin ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin kayan kiwon kaji.Wang Chunyan et al sun gano cewa ragowar tetracycline a cikin kaza da qwai ya kasance 4.66 mg / kg da 7.5 mg / kg bi da bi, yawan ganowa shine 33.3% da 60%; Mafi girman ragowar streptomycin a cikin qwai shine 0.7 mg / kg kuma adadin ganowa shine 20% [26].Wang Chunlin et al. ciyar da abinci mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wanda aka haɓaka tare da 50 mg / kg na gilmomycin zuwa kaza mai kwana 1. Chicken yana da ragowar gilomycin a cikin hanta da koda, tare da matsakaicin adadin [27] a cikin hanta. Bayan 12 d, ragowar gilmycin a cikin tsokar kirji ya kasance ƙasa da 0.10 g / g (mafi girman iyakar iyaka); ragowar hanta da koda sun kasance 23 d;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Lin Xiaohua ya yi ƙasa da madaidaicin madaidaicin iyaka [28] bayan 28 d.Lin Xiaohua ya yi daidai da guda 173 na dabbobi da naman kaji da aka tattara a Guangzhou daga 2006 zuwa 2008, adadin ya wuce 21.96%, kuma abun ciki ya kai 0.16 mg / kg ~ 9.54 mg / kg [29].Yan Xiaofeng ya tantance ragowar maganin rigakafin tetracycline biyar a cikin samfuran kwai 50, kuma ya gano cewa tetracycline da doxycycline suna da ragowar [30] a cikin samfuran kwai.Chen Lin et al. ya nuna cewa tare da tsawaita lokacin miyagun ƙwayoyi, tarin ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin tsokar ƙirji, tsokar ƙafa da hanta, amoxicillin da maganin rigakafi, amoxicillin da Doxycycline a cikin ƙwai masu tsayayya, da ƙari [31] a cikin ƙwai masu tsayayya.Qiu Jinli et al. ya ba 250 MG / L ga broilers na kwanaki daban-daban;;; da 333 mg / L na 50% hydrochloride soluble foda sau ɗaya a rana don 5 d, mafi yawa a cikin hanta nama da mafi girma a cikin hanta da tsoka da ke ƙasa [32] bayan 5 d janyewa.

6; Sakamakon maganin rigakafi akan juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin kaza

Yin amfani da maganin rigakafi da yawa a cikin dabbobi da kaji na dogon lokaci zai haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa masu jure wa ƙwayoyi, ta yadda duk ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta za su canza sannu a hankali zuwa alkiblar juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi zuwa [33]. Kwayoyin da ake samu daga kaji suna karuwa sosai, nau'ikan masu jure magunguna suna karuwa, yanayin juriya na magunguna yana kara fa'ida, da kuma rage karfin maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta, wanda ke kawo wahalhalu wajen rigakafin cututtuka.Liu Jinhua da dai sauransu. al. 116 S. aureus nau'in da aka ware daga wasu gonakin kaji a Beijing da Hebei sun sami digiri daban-daban na juriya na magunguna, galibi juriya da yawa, kuma S. aureus mai jurewar ƙwayoyi yana da yanayin haɓaka kowace shekara [34].Zhang Xiuying et al. ware nau'ikan Salmonella guda 25 daga wasu gonakin kaji a Jiangxi, Liaoning da Guangdong, sun kasance masu kula da kanamycin da ceftriaxone kawai, da juriya ga nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfa, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin da wasu fluoroquinolones sun fi girma fiye da% 35].Xue Yuan et al. ya gano cewa nau'in 30 E. coli da ke ware a Harbin yana da hankali daban-daban ga maganin rigakafi 18, juriya mai tsanani da yawa, amoxicillin / potassium clavulanate, ampicillin da ciprofloxacin sun kasance 100%, kuma suna da matukar damuwa [36] ga amtreonam, amomycin da polymyxin B.Wang Qiwen da al. ware nau'ikan streptococcus guda 10 daga matattun gabobin kiwon kaji, gaba daya masu jure wa nalidixic acid da lomesloxacin, suna da hankali sosai ga kanamycin, polymyxin, lecloxacin, novovomycin, vancomycin da meloxicillin, kuma suna da juriya [37] ga sauran magungunan kashe qwari.Qu Ping binciken ya gano cewa 72 nau'in jejuni suna da digiri daban-daban na juriya ga quinolones, cephalosporins, tetracyclines suna da juriya sosai, penicillin, sulfonamide sune matsakaicin juriya, macrolide, aminoglycosides, lincoamides suna da ƙarancin juriya [38].Filin gauraye coccidium, madurycin, chloropepyridine, halilomycin da cikakke juriya [39].

Don taƙaitawa, yin amfani da maganin rigakafi a cikin masana'antar kaza zai iya inganta aikin samarwa, rage cututtuka, amma dogon lokaci da kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi ba kawai rinjayar aikin rigakafi ba da kuma ma'auni na microecological na hanji, rage ingancin nama da dandano, a lokaci guda zai samar da juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta da ragowar ƙwayoyi a cikin nama da ƙwai, yana shafar rigakafin cututtukan kaji da sarrafawa da amincin abinci, cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam.A cikin 1986, Sweden ita ce ta farko da ta haramta maganin rigakafi a cikin abinci, kuma a cikin 2006, Tarayyar Turai ta haramta maganin rigakafi. a cikin abincin dabbobi da kaji, da kuma sannu a hankali a duniya.A cikin 2017, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi kira ga dakatar da maganin rigakafi don inganta rigakafin cututtuka da ci gaban lafiya a cikin dabbobi.Saboda haka, shi ne yanayin gaba ɗaya don gudanar da bincike na ƙwayoyin cuta na rayayye. madadin, hade tare da aiwatar da wasu matakan gudanarwa da fasaha, da haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar kiwo, wanda kuma zai zama jagorar haɓaka masana'antar kaji a nan gaba.

Nassoshi: (labulai 39, an cire su)